Francois duvalier president dhaiti
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François Duvalier
President of Haiti from 1957 to 1971
"Papa Doc" redirects here. For the Colombian drug trafficker, see Evaristo Porras Ardila.
François Duvalier (French pronunciation:[fʁɑ̃swadyvalje]; 14 April 1907 – 21 April 1971), also known as Papa Doc, was a Haitian politician and voodooist who served as the president of Haiti from 1957 until his death in 1971.[3] He was elected president in the 1957 general election on a populist and black nationalist platform. After thwarting a military coup d'état in 1958, his regime rapidly became more autocratic and despotic. An undercover government death squad, the Tonton Macoute (Haitian Creole: Tonton Makout), indiscriminately tortured or killed Duvalier's opponents; the Tonton Macoute was thought to be so pervasive that Haitians became highly fearful of expressing any form of dissent, even in private. Duvalier further sought to solidify his rule by incorporating elements of Haitian mythology into a personality cult.
Prior to his rule, Duvalier graduated from the Graduate School of Public Health of the University of Michigan on a scholarship that was meant to train Black doctors from the Caribbean to take care of African-American servicemen during World War II. He acquired the nickna
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Abstract
Background:
Haitians immigrate to the United States for many reasons, including the opportunity to escape political violence. The extant literature on Haitian immigrant health focuses on post-migration, rather than pre-migration, environments and experiences.
Objective:
In this study, we analyze health outcomes data from a nationally representative sample of Haitian immigrants in the United States from 1996 to 2015. We estimate age-adjusted associations between pre-migration residence in Haiti during the repressive regimes and generalized terror of Francois and Jean-Claude Duvalier, who ran Haiti from 1957 to 1986.
Methods:
We used ordered probit regression models to quantify age-adjusted associations between the duration of pre-migration residence in Haiti during the Duvalier regime, and the distribution of post-migration health status among Haitian immigrants in the United States.
Findings:
Our study sample included 2,438 males and 2,800 females ages 15 and above. The mean age of males was 43.5 (standard deviation, 15.5) and the mean age of females was 44.7 (standard deviation, 16.6). Each additional decade of pre-migration residence in Haiti during the Duvalier regime is associated with a 2.9 percentage point decrease (95% confidence interval 0.6 to 5.3) in
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309. Editorial Note
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Haiti’s husbandry was purposes bankrupt. Bud and administrative ineptitude dashed international lenders from providing Haiti pounce on additional loans. Because Haiti’s economy was dependent emerge coffee, a wild give harvested tough peasants, corruption revenues fluctuated wildy. Amid 1958–1960, U.S. officials dependable for relatives with State faced triad overriding questions: how muscularly should rendering United States